Writing Argumentative Essay Topics

Writing Argumentative Essay TopicsWriting a document that you have prepared for a college or university may consist of various types of topics and argumentative essay topics. The following information will help you decide which one is suitable for your topic.When writing an essay, there are several important things that you need to remember. First of all, as you prepare for your assignment, you should study the subjects that you are going to write about. This will help you to have a clear picture of the particular topic you want to write about. This makes it easier for you to select the best topic.There are two things that you should consider when you are choosing the topic. One of them is your interest. Another thing that you need to consider is the specific field you are writing in. This will help you to select the best topic that you are able to tackle your assignment.The topics will include subjects that deal with topics such as literature, art, politics, business, education, and law. You should carefully read the topic description to find out what the author of the piece of writing is going to write about. Then, you should choose the topic based on the best way to tackle the subject. You can find out more about topics by reading the reviews from other people.You can also see various research papers to find out the exact type of topic that you should tackle your assignment. It is not a good idea to choose topics that are just about different parts of the world. When you choose these types of topics, you may end up getting lost on the actual content. To avoid this, you should choose topics that cover several parts of the world.When you select the topic, you should also think about the subject. Once you have chosen the topic, you need to think about how you will be addressing your point. You should also think about how you are going to discuss the subject. You can always choose the best way to do it by picking the topic that you find appealing and interesting .It is also important to know the specific information that you will be presenting. The content should be very concise, so that it can easily be understood by the reader. If the content is too long, then it will be hard for the reader to understand what you are trying to convey.In order to make sure that the essay that you will be writing will be understandable by the readers, you should keep in mind the basic fact that the topic that you are writing must be brief. It should only contain basic facts and information. Remember that an argumentative essay topic is different from a research paper because in a research paper, you have to present specific information that you gathered from the internet.

Academic Writing Service How to Develop Clarity and Focus

Academic Writing Service: How to Develop Clarity and Focus Courtesy:www.getrichslowly.org Academic writing are packed with details to support a topic. Typical sentence construction refers to a subject, an action, and supporting information. If you want to write an effective research paper you must choose the right way you arrange these elements. It can boost impact or, adversely, blur the point you intend to make. Topic sentences A topic sentence shows the main idea of a paragraph. After reading the topic sentence, we can predict supporting points and the paragraph is easy to follow. A strong topic sentence introduces the main point of the paragraph, and supporting information and examples follow. A weak topic sentence has no obvious link to supporting information, and the reader is left thinking, â€Å"How is all of this connected?† State main ideas first When you construct a sentence, you want to deliver your message without delay. Compare: Patience, understanding, and flexibility are necessary characteristics of a good educator. A good educator must be patient, understanding, and flexible. In a, the reader only knows who you are talking about when they reach the end of the sentence. When you start the sentence with the main idea, a good educator in this instance, the reader knows what to focus on, and they can make predictions about further details. Details and important information Assume that sentence a is a topic sentence. The paragraph would continue with evidence and reasons to support the characteristics patient, understanding, and flexible. This is important information, so it should end the sentence. Here is another example with the main idea at the start of the sentence and important information last: Freedom of speech is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), as well as the constitutions of many countries. In this example, the central idea is Freedom of Speech. Important details are the UDHR and the constitutions of many countries. The following sentences will expand on the latter, and the paragraph will progress logically. Notice use of the passive tense to keep the sentence concise. Which of these sentences is a better follow-up sentence? However, different levels of protection are offered by the constitutions of different countries. For example Countries offer different levels of protection, however. For example The second sentence places old information – countries – at the beginning of the sentence. New information appears later. The writer can then provide examples of different levels of protection, and the topic stays in focus. Sentence length An effective method to make important information stand out is to use it in a short independent sentence. For example: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, enshrines the freedom of expression. Almost every nation on the planet has signed it. In the example above we see: A central idea as a subject Important information at the end of the sentence An independent sentence to highlight an important fact Notice, too, the embedded clause adopted in 1948. This clause provides minor details. Embed a clause within a sentence with commas on either side of it.

The First Step Towards Lasting Campaign Finance Reform

Final Paper: The First Step Towards Lasting Campaign Finance Reform â€Å"You don t put vote Bartlet in the ad, you can pay for it with unmarked bills from a bank heist if you want to.† - Bruno Gianelli (Fictional character, The West Wing, S03E06, â€Å"Gone Quiet†)1 Debates about the just and proper financing of campaigns for public office can be traced as far back as the Federalist Papers. On one side are those that believe any restriction in the frequency or amount of individual, corporate or union donations is an unconstitutional assault on the freedom of (political) expression guaranteed by the First Amendment. On the other side are those that worry about the fair stewardship of elections. Do those with the means to make more†¦show more content†¦According to OpenSecrets.org, â€Å"Super PACs may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, associations and individuals, then spend unlimited sums to overtly advocate for or against political candidates. Super PACs must, however, report their donors to the Federal Election Commission on a monthly or quarterly basis -- the Super PAC s choice -- as a traditional PAC would. Unlike traditional PACs, Super PACs are prohibited from donating money directly to political candidates.†2 While Super PACs do need to make financial disclosures to the FEC on a monthly basis, their ability to take donations from corporations leaves them amble room to leave the names of their end donors undisclosed. Many Super PACs report donations as coming from one or multiple 501(c)(4) (politically active non-profit) organizations that do not have to disclose their donors. This is referred to as the Russian nesting doll problem† among campaign finance reform advocates. It is worth noting that the rise of Super PACs and other forms of unregulated campaign spending is of concern to politicians too. President Obama, as part of his 2010 State of the Union Address, said, â€Å"With all due deference to separation of powers, last week the Supreme Court reversed a century of law that I believe will open the floodgates for special interests –- including foreign corporations –- to spend without limit in our elections. I don t think American elections should be

Example Tourism Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Tourism Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Outline the key requirements for good research and identify how research might support policy-making. Research, defined as a broad range of processes designed to provide policy makers and managers with information that is objective, reliable and as reproducible as possible (Bull, 1999) is a vital business tool used to support policy makers in making decisions. Page (2003) also suggests that tourism policy-making is inherently a political activity, affected by the formal structure of government. A wide range of forces affects policy making, and policy does not exist in a vacuum, because various agencies exist to implement it. Drew (1980) suggests that research is conducted to solve problems and to expand knowledge, and stresses that research is a systematic way of asking questions, a systematic method of enquiry (taken from Bell, 1999). As previously mentioned, policy making is a fundamental business tool, however it must be noted that undertaking research is also a very expensive, time consuming and complex task and researchers must be able to select the right information t o avoid further implications. Research activity supports policy-making in a number of ways. First of all if a company is deciding to open a new site in a different country for example, they will need to know who their competitors are, how accessible is the place, where will the labour come from, what impact will this have on the locals? How safe is the area? How will the marketing and advertising be conducted to ensure its success? It is clear from this simple example how complicated and time consuming information gathering can be. Primary data, secondary data, or both may be used in a research investigation. Primary data is original data gathered for a specific purpose as for example interviewing the local community, while secondary data is data that has already been collated for similar purposes, i.e. crime statistics. Data here, could be collected either through quantitative, therefore utilising a positivist approach, or qualitative methods therefore adopting a phenomenolo gical approach. Policy makers will need to know whether that policy is going to be successful, politically/legally/ethnically acceptable, the costs involved, the number of staff needed to implement that policy and whether it fits with the wants, needs and aspirations of the people directed at (Ritchie and Goeldner,1994). Taking into consideration the fact that research can be an expensive and time consuming task and that this may make or break policy decisions, some key requirements for good research have been identified. Bell (1999) suggests that the following are to be considered as key requirements for good research to be conducted: the utility of data, therefore the data that can be used, the cost-effectiveness whereby benefits must be greater than costs; timeliness therefore data that will be there when needed; accuracy, data will need to be accurate; and finally whatever procedure for collecting data is selected, it should always be examined critically to assess to wh at extent it is likely to be reliable. Reliability is the extent to which a procedure provides similar results under constant conditions on all occasion, however due to the nature of tourism this is not always the case. Three policies examples will now be provided to show how research generated the information that was needed to make those policy decisions. The first policy considered is that of Stonehenge. As suggested by Chris Blandford Associates (2000) this World Heritage Site survived for thousands of years and not so long ago two roads were introduced into the landscape, bringing with them ever increasing traffic and serious environmental problems. Governments proposal to close the A344 and to place the A303 in a 2 Kilometre tunnel where it passes the stone has raised many arguments. The policy for Stonehenge all started with the vision to save this site from environmental degradation and placing it back in its original and unique settings, by eliminating the impact o n the environment made by the noise and sight of traffic. The way in which this could be achieved was by closing one road, the A344, and introducing a two kilometre tunnel. It is important to stress that the decision of policy makers to close the road and introduce the tunnel to solve the problem, has not been decided overnight, but has been the result of extensive study and consultation since 1991, and alternative ways have been considered prior to the decision. Between 1991 and 1993 other 50 possible routes were considered. At this stage researchers decided to gather primary data, by means of a panel, from local bodies and organisations in order to have their views on the matter. Each representative gave their own view, and during the process all the possible alternatives were considered and discussed. A Public Consultation was held in April 1993, whereby four routes were put forward as a possible solution to the problem. In 1994 two national bodies organised a one-day in ternational to debate solutions for both a road improvement and a new visitor centre for Stonehenge (Chris Blandford Associates, 2000). A Public Exhibition was held in September 1995 and a Planning Conference followed in November 1995 to understand publics and other interested organisations perceptions and ideas of the proposal. A further public consultation was held in 1999, and once again households in the vicinity were consulted (Chris Blandford Associates, 2000). In November 2000, the Highway Agency conducted primary research to gather qualitative and quantitative data by means of desk study and field. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example Tourism Essay" essay for you Create order

Essay about Emr - 5300 Words

Social Change of EMR Introduction/Thesis A chartless/paperless doctor’s office was once something only dreamt of in a Star Trek episode. Soon humans will utilize laser beams as a major mode of transportation; well possibly in the distant future we will transport ourselves via laser beam. The advancements in health care technology have made it possible to obtain a chartless (paperless) environment. Whether you are in private practice or part of a major health care organization, the latest technological push is towards EMR (electronic medical record) systems. The impact of EMR systems can be compared to a small earthquake; it has the potential to send shock waves through a health care environment long after the initial quake has†¦show more content†¦5. Clinically-Driven Product Design – Does the product meet the best practice standards? Does it contain the clinical design need for capturing, retrieving and reporting data? 6. Return On Investment – What will your return or cost savings is for implementing an EMR product? 7. Product Integration – Can the product easily be interfaced with other products? 8. Vendor Stability – Will the vendor still be in business in ten years from now or will you be searching for a new product? 9. Commitment to Product Development – The insurance companies and government are constantly adding new guidelines and laws for health care, can and will this sustain upgrades and enhancements? Now that a product has been chosen, design, testing, training and implementation are the next steps. In conjunction with the first three steps, advertising the product is key, especially in a large health care setting. It is critical to the project to get the word out regarding the products efficiency. Make people excited about the endless possibilities and functionality of the product. Post signs on the employee bulletin board, hand out lapel or badge pins, and promote a campaign slogan and logo for the new product. An example of a slogan/logo would be â€Å"don’t get stuck on paper†, the logo is a picture of a provider with post-it notes stuck to him/her. Lastly, appoint a Physician Champion to each clinical area. The champion will play a notableShow MoreRelatedEmr Innovations2012 Words   |  9 PagesCase 3 EMR Innovations Table of Contents Executive summary 3 Introductionamp; problem /issues identification 4 EMR’s product and how is attempting to market 4 External Analysis 6 Opportunities 6 RV industry 6 RV culture 6 Threats 7 Competitors 7 Analysis and recode current situation 8 Internal analysis 8 RVs internal weakness and strength 8 EMR Innovations internal weakness and strength 9 Marketing Audit 10 RV’s Current Marketing Strategy 10Read MoreEmr Innovations1998 Words   |  8 PagesCase 3 EMR Innovations Table of Contents Executive summary 3 Introductionamp; problem /issues identification 4 EMR’s product and how is attempting to market 4 External Analysis 6 Opportunities 6 RV industry 6 RV culture 6 Threats 7 Competitors 7 Analysis and recode current situation 8 Internal analysis 8 RVs internal weakness and strength 8 EMR Innovations internal weakness and strength 9 Marketing Audit 10 RV’s Current MarketingRead MoreElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1245 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic medical records (EMR) Introduction For centuries, paper-based records were the only way of communicating patient’s medical records throughout the health care system. Gradually, for the past two decades, the healthcare system has been transitioning toward computerized systems called electronic medical records better knowns as EMR. Dr. Clem McDonald from the Regenstrief Institute stated that his â€Å"goal was to solve three problems, to eliminate the logistical problems of the paper recordsRead MoreCurrent Policies For Emr Practitioners Figure 1 : Showing Adoption Of Emr1390 Words   |  6 Pages December 2015 Table of contents Summary Introduction EMR (problems) Risks in EMR Current policies for EMR practitioners Figure 1: showing Adoption of EMR Figure 2: adoption of EMR by parties Conclusions and recommendations References Summary EMR systems would change the way care is delivered with designed technology and properRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )1688 Words   |  7 PagesObama government pushed for the automation of Electronic Medical Record (EMR), hospitals and private practices were required to follow the government mandate to avail of the incentives and at the same time to qualify for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements. 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Succinctly describe the real product that EMR is attempting to market * Eric Reynolds and Mary Reynolds are a young couple that formed their love over RV’s (recreational vehicles) into a profitable business. In 1995, the Reynolds opened an RV repair business out of their home and by 1999 the business was large enough to allow them to open their own shop in Amana, Iowa. On 2002, Eric Reynolds came up with innovative products that helped or repairedRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr )952 Words   |  4 Pagesbenefits of HIT some conflicts still rise about its complete adaptation and success in the future. Mainly to those particular HITs, Electronic Medical Records (EMR), Personal Health Records (PHR) and Electronic Health Records (EHR). Electronic medical record (EMR) is the renovation of a patient clinical data from paper based into a computer based. EMRs consist of mainly data gathered by a Primary Physician or one hospital. The compile information can be as follows: notes, health maintenance informationRead MoreElectronic Medical Record ( Emr ) Essay1810 Words   |  8 Pages Data Errors in Electronic Medical Records Amanda Baksh Nursing 232 Professor Virgona May 19,2015 An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a digital account of a paper chart in a health facility. It comprises of a systematic collection of treatment and medical account of the individual patients in one practice. An EMR permits a medical officer to keep track of data over time, simply recognize which patients are in line for for preventative screenings, look how patients are faring on particularRead MoreElectronic Medical Records ( Emr )1322 Words   |  6 Pagesplays a vital role on the overall productivity of a medical practice. Electronic medical records (EMR) are commonly used by both large and small practices. They offer practices an efficient mean of storing patient data; furthermore, the government offer incentives for meaningful use of electronic medical records. Generally when it comes to implementing an EMR, it is necessary to choose the right vendor. EMRs usually fall into three vendor systems: single-vendor, best-of-breed, and best-of-suite. The single-vendor

The Ethical And Morality Of Pornography - 916 Words

For many years there has been a lot of arguments about the ethical and morality of pornography. pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement. When it coms down to pornography, people have different opinions about it. Some people might find it moral because it gives them pleasure and it satisfies them physically. some individuals see it as a form of art that describes the figure of a human body in an artistic form. Others see it as immoral because it harms and degrades an individual. Personally I believe that it all depends how pornography is conducted and how we respond to it. It can be morally healthy that we like it because it makes us happy, such as it helps with your marriage relationship in intimacy, and it can be immoral when it is used in an unhealthy that we do not like it because hurts an innocent person. From the Utilitarianism view point, pornography is seen as morally right because it provides the greatest benefit of happiness for the greatest good. The Utilitarianism suggest that there is an obvious solution that is fair, and it may be one that appeals to common sense† and that â€Å"one should choose to do that which produces a better outcome for the largest number of people.† (Mosser, K. 2013, Ch. 1.6). under Utilitarianism, pornography offers benefits in marriage because couples can revive their marriage by using pornography as a new tool to explore each others intimacy and satisfy their sexual relationship. SomeShow MoreRelatedEthical and Legal Issues at the Workplace: A Case Study1053 Words   |  4 Pagesthat one could frame the ethical issue in this case. The first is whether private Internet surfing on company time is unethical, the second is whether surfing pornography specifically is an ethical issue. Surfing in general is strictly an ethical issue, dependi ng on what the companys specific policy is. Surfing pornography is also a legal issue, as such activity could constitute a hostile work environment (as in Gallagher v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide). There are two key ethical issues at work in thisRead MorePornography And Its Effects On Women861 Words   |  4 PagesWhile pornography is not only degrading to women, it is degrading to men as well because it is mostly deemed unethical, it is viewed based on Ethical Theories and moral reasoning, and it is not always intellectually stimulating. Pornography is printed or visual material containing explicit description of sexual body parts or activity, intended to stimulate erotic versus emotional feelings. Depending on the manner that the pornography is brought about it can be stimulating to some, but have no effectRead MoreYoung Chinese Women Attitudes Towards Pornography963 Words   |  4 Pagesthe use of a comparative qualitative research design, this research can explore women’s a ttitudes and beliefs regarding to pornography and its consumption in considerable depth, but the small sample size (only eight research participants) of this qualitative research can result in lack of representation in the research findings of young Chinese women attitudes towards pornography. Bryman (2012) condemned that majority of the research findings from qualitative research cannot be generalised to a biggerRead MoreThe Censorship of Pornography1581 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Censorship of Pornography: Censorship is vital and takes place on a daily basis in the modern society even in nations that state their respect and maintenance of the freedom of speech. For instance, there are several regulations that restrict broadcasters in the kind of programmes to be transmitted as specific times of the day. The other ways with which censorship happens every day is through the laws that forbid people from expressing themselves publicly toward particular political or ethnicRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Pornography 1626 Words   |  7 Pages Whether pornography is an excuse to make acts of violence public? A big number of famous scholars, no matter men or women, have given their opinions. Each of them has their own view, but we can sort them into two groups, which are against to serious censorship and willing to convict and uproot pornography. Because of pornography, women’s status can never be equal to men’s. Recently, a revolution about the perception of moral values comes out in the world, which refers to how deep the changes ofRead MoreEthics on Pornography1526 Words   |  7 PagesTà ¼rkay SARIKAYA 20701889 Section 02 Research paper 1ST draft ETHICS OF PORNOGRAPHY Everybody knows something about porn. But what is porn really? Why it is exist? People get pleasure from porn. Porn is just for an entertainment and it is like other genres of movies. It is just like action, just like horror†¦ Porn is a genre and it has some sub-genres in it. In Turkish there is a word says; â€Å"nerede à §okluk orada bokluk† means if there are so many things there must be bad things inRead MoreEssay on week2assignment1564 Words   |  7 Pageshave the same capacities. The virtue of a woman is to nurture her family. Families will be better off if women are able to participate in politics. None of the above Question 3. 3. Which statement is an objection to ethical egoism? (Points : 1) It can’t be shown to be false and thus doesnt explain anything. Few people demonstrate that they act out of self-interest. Being selfish isn’t a very nice way to act. It is always clear whatRead MoreProstitution Laws On Judeo Christian Morality1826 Words   |  8 PagesWestern countries like the United States base many of their prostitution laws on Judeo-Christian morality, which discourages the act of selling sex due to the belief that sex is sacred in creating life, however many theorists disagree due to its singular concern. With Fondation Scelles reporting that 80% of prostitutes in the world are women aged between 13 and 25, and the political inclusion of the right to an individual’s personal liberty, the debate of prostitution serves to be a pluralized issueRead More Children and the Censorship of Internet Pornography Essay4060 Words   |  17 Pagesbackgrounds come together linked upon this network resembling a connection of one body in unity. Sadly, issues arise creating concern for users, focusing particularly on minors. Pornography is one of the inappropriate materials on the Internet for minors. This material is har mful to young impressionable minds. Pornography is tearing and disintegrating the foundations of our society can be described as follows, what was available to a small number of people willing to drive to the bad side of townRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma in Counseling: Deciding Between Two Rights624 Words   |  3 PagesAn Ethical Dilemma in Counseling: Deciding between two rights Ethics, considered the study of moral philosophy, is a broad way of defining human duty, right and wrong; essentially, it is more expansive than simply applying a principle. Dilemmas are situations that require a choice between options appearing uniformly favorable, unfavorable or mutually exclusive. Naturally, an ethical dilemma can place a professional counselor in a precarious position, thereby compromising the effectiveness of the

Optical Illusions Essay Example For Students

Optical Illusions Essay My research paper is about the anatomy of an optical illusion. Optical Illusions are relevant to aviation in that the main guidance system of most aircraft on most flights is the pilots eyes. Everyone, including pilots, is susceptible to an optical illusion. The hazards of optical illusions are many considering that at any time during the flight they can cause a healthy and experienced pilot to become confused, delusional and generally disoriented with obvious possible consequences. This is why we must study and be aware of optical illusions so that we may be better prepared should we encounter one at a critical time. To better illustrate the origins of optical illusions I will review some parts of the brain and their functions. The brain has seven main parts, they are: the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the cerebellum, the brain stem, the corpus callosum, the two hemispheres, and the largest part of the brain, the cerebrum. The thalamus is located just above the brain stem. It acts like a switchboard, deciding what to do with the messages that come to the brain. If you were reacting to a situation like flying in a dogfight, and radio chatter was coming through your headphones, your thalamus would ignore the radio chatter. The hypothalamus controls our emotions such as happiness and sadness. It also controls our sense of temperature and our feeling of hunger. It is located directly in front of the thalamus. It is also one of the organs that is fully developed when you are born. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls our muscles. When we are born, our cerebellums arent fully developed. Thats why we didnt do things in a coordinated manner with our limbs. We moved shakily with our bodies because messages from another part of our brain called the cerebrum werent organized by the cerebellum. The brain stem is located at the back of the brain, right below the thalamus. It has the responsibility of taking care of involuntary movements such as breathing, blinking, and making our heart beat. The cerebrum is the largest part of our brain. It takes care of our motor skills such as speaking, walking, and writing. These skills are operated in the outside layer of the brain, called the cortex. It is the last part of the brain to develop and is unique only in humans. The cerebrum is divided into two halves, or hemispheres. Our major learning senses are located within the two hemispheres. The corpus callosum is the connector for the two hemispheres of the brain and sends messages between the hemispheres. Your corpus callosum is able to send about twenty messages per second and routes them to various nerve cells called neurons. The brain receives messages through these neurons. Scientists believe that for every ten billion cells in the body, one billion of them are neurons. Can you see a square?Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered that an area of the bra in previously thought to process only simple visual information also tackles complex images such as optical illusions. Research, conducted with animals, provided evidence that both the simple and more complex areas of the brain are involved in different aspects of vision and work cooperatively, rather than in a rigid hierarchy, as scientists previously believed. The Scientists compare vision to an orchestra, where clusters of cells in different parts of the brain cooperate to process different components of visual information such as vertical or horizontal orientation, color, size, shape, movement, and distinctions between overlapping objects. The MIT research focused on an area of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of gray matter that envelops the entire brain called the primary visual cortex, also known as V1 and Area 17 of the brain. In humans that area is about five centimeters in diameter, about the size of four postage stamps and a couple millimeters deep on both sides of the rear of the head, just below the crown. The V1 area is the first point of entry in the brains cortex of visual information from the eyes retina. Earlier the V1 was thought to be involved only in processing very simple spatial orientations, such as whether an object is placed vertically or horizontally, but not whether that object is a pencil or a finger. Using o ptical imaging techniques to record visual responses in cats, the researchers found that V1 can also process optical illusions and other complex images. The researchers said the same is likely to be true in the V1 area of the human brain. For example, if a person takes a sheet of notebook paper with horizontal lines and places an identical sheet as close as possible to the right of it and slightly lower, the lines on both pages wont connect in a continuous straight line. Yet the brains visual processing system will try to fill the space between the two sets of real lines by creating an optical illusion known as a subjective contour (see next picture). Subjective contours are higher-level visual functions that involve the brains understanding the context and relationship of the images, not just the static placement of one set of lines next to another. Another example is a telephone: a handset may obscure part of the phone base under it, but the brains visual processes will see both t he handset and the entire phone base as two distinct objects that belong together. It is also believed that V1 could also be the site of filling-in, another function traditionally thought to be high-level. Filling-in is when the brain compensates for a lack of information in one area of the visual field by making an educated guess from information elsewhere in the visual field. It explains why patients with small lesions dont see black spots, and why you are not aware of your blind spot. An example of Subjective ContourAs for practical applications, our brain and eye are most effective when dealing with the contrasts of objects and movement. This is one of the distinguishing abilities that the sight of mammal predators (such as ourselves) possess. A factor in this ability is the placement of our eyes. When we look at something, each eye focuses on the object and the convergence angle of the two eyes is what we use to judge distance. Our ancestors used this ability to see the range a nd motion contrast of potential prey. The modern importance of 3D vision can be demonstrated in this simple experiment. Give a friend a tennis ball and have them stand ten to fifteen feet away from you. With both of your eyes open, have your friend toss you the ball. Now catch it with one hand. Easy right? Now try covering one eye with one hand and catching the ball again. Not so easy this time! This is a demonstration of how the eyes work together to give us depth perception. This relates to flying when the pilots eyes try to judge the distance and direction of an aircraft far off on the horizon. The aircraft is so far away that our eyes cant converge on the image and both eyes make almost parallel lines of sight. The aircrafts true direction cannot be determined at this distance either, even if the aircraft or speck for that matter, is moving to the left or right, the true direction (i.e. coming or going) cannot be determined either. A hazard of this situation is when the aircraft seen on the horizon is dismissed as being too far away to be a factor, but happens to be a directly approaching F-16 flown by an infallible air force pilot! Along with its vulnerability to illusions, our brain loves to take short cuts. It wants to file everything as simply and quickly as it can. This is one reason that illusions work on us. While otherwise occupied, the brain usually takes in information at face value and works from there. Here is a written example: A father and his son are driving to a baseball game when their car stalls on the train tracks. The train that was coming hits the car, kills the father and injures the son. The son is immediately rushed to the hospital. The boy is on the operating table when the doctor walks in and, upon seeing the boy mutters, ?I cant operate on this boy, hes my son.? How can this be? The answer to this riddle lies in a prejudice our brain forms. It says that doctors are men and nurses are women. If this riddle worked on you, your brai n took the shortcut of filing the doctor as a man. Average pilots are creatures of habit, following checklists, performing uniform walkaround preflights and flying to familiar airports generally the same way each time. What may manifest from these habitual tasks is complacency. Take for example a pilot who flies a routine VFR night flight to and from the same airports. During the routine cruise leg on a particularly cold and clear night, the pilot leans forward to take a moment to admire the bright stars all around her (Oh, its a woman-pilot! There you go again!). After settling back down in the seat, she resets the nose for the horizon and continues her flight. Several minutes go by and she realizes that she is suddenly 1500 feet below her desired altitude. How could this be? When our pilot sat back down she reset the nose for what she thought was the horizon. However she actually set the nose for city lights below/closer than several distant white streetlights that she mistook for stars. The routine of leveling off and continuing the cruise is done so often that we sometimes become complacent and make assumptions. In conclusion, if we are better prepared and more alert we are less likely to be deceived by optical illusions. Through communication, improved planning and a pilot/co-pilot configuration (two sets of eyes), illusions can be averted and made logic of, and can also provide valuable lessons and experience instead of harsh consequences. BibliographyCharles Darwin, The Origin of the Species (New York: The New American Library Of World Literature,1958), pg. 168. .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .postImageUrl , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:hover , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:visited , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:active { border:0!important; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:active , .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2 .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6c1b192185e249abf95b537e1dabdc2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Problem Solving (school dress code) EssayChangeux, Jean Pierre, ?Chemical Signaling in the Brain?, Scientific American, November 1993, pgs. 58-61Cobb, Vicki, How To Really Fool Yourself, New York City: Lippincott Junior Books, 1981, pg. 10-25Encyclopedia Americana, 1972 edition, ?The Eye?, Author Unknown, pg. 230-31 Encyclopedia Americana, 1972 edition, ?Illusions?, Author Unknown, pg. 235-37 Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991 edition, ?The Brain?, Author Unknown, pg. 147-49Maguire, Jack, Care and Feeding of the Brain, New York City: Doubleday Press, 1990 pg. 11-16Paraquin, Charles H., The Worlds Best Optical Illusions, New York City: Sterling Publishing Co., 1987, pg. 16, 24, 31-35 Restak, M.D., Richard, The Brain, New York City: Bantam Books, 1984, pg. 49Sharp, Pat, Brain Power, New York: Lothrop, Lee ; Shepard Books, 1984, pg. 84Wertenbaker, Lael, The Eye, Window to the World, Washington, D.C.: U.S. News Books, 1981, pg. 17-18